The closing period in Greek philosophy is marked in the 3rd century of the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome.
Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis (205-270) and its
emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is
fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems
and with eastern speculations.
At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good of
the source of all things it emanates from itself, as from the reflection of its
own being reason wherein is contained the infinite state of ideas.
Soul the copy of reason is emanated by and contains in it,
as reason is the One and by informing matter itself nonexistence constitutes
bodies whose existence is contained in the soul.
Nature, therefore, is a whole, endowed with life and soul.
The soul being chained to matter longs to escape from the bondage
of the body and return to its original sources.
In virtue and philosophic thought, the soul has the power to
elevate itself above reason into a
state of ecstasy, where it can behold or ascend up to that one good Being, who
reason cannot know.
To attain this union with Good or God is the true function of
humans to whom the extending world should be absolutely indifferent.
Platinius’ most important disciple, Syrian Ralphecy,
contained himself with populating his master’s doctrine. But the school of Iamnbicus, a disciple of
Prophecy affected a change in the position of Neoplatonism, which now took up
the causes of polytheism against Christianity and adopted for this purpose
every conceivable form of superstition especially those from the East.
Failed in the attempt to resuscitate its old beliefs its supporters
then turned up with scientific work and especially the study of Plato and
Aristotle in the interpretations of whose works they rendered great services.
The last home of philosophy was in Athens, where Proclus
(411-485) sought to reduce to a kind of system the whole mass of philosophic
tradition until 529 CE the teaching of philosophy in Athens was forbidden by
Justinian.
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